The jury is out on whether too little folic acid contributes to miscarriages, or if supplementing can help prevent them. On the flip side, it does not appear that folic acid supplementation increases the risk of miscarriages.
Understanding the Recommendations
Doctors advise that women of reproductive age should get at least 400 micrograms of folic acid every day. Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate - a nutrient in the B vitamin group - that is used in supplements and fortified foods. A lot of research is being done on the impact of folate on various areas of health. It has long been accepted that being deficient in folic acid means a woman will have a higher risk of giving birth to a baby with neural tube defects - birth defects involving the brain and spinal cord. This is why in many countries, including the U.S., grain products are fortified with folic acid. Severe neural tube defects, such as anencephaly, may be incompatible with life and thus can result in late pregnancy loss.
Folic Acid and Miscarriages
You may have heard about the importance of getting adequate folic acid because it reduces the risk of neural tube defects. But is folic acid important in pregnancy for other reasons, too?
Low Folic Acid Levels
A few studies have suggested that being deficient in folic acid is associated with a higher risk of early miscarriage. One 2002 study by Swedish researchers found that women with low folate levels had a significantly increased risk of having a miscarriage affected by chromosomal abnormalities. Not all studies, however, show this association. Bottom line: The research is not yet strong enough to state that folic acid can prevent miscarriages.
Taking Folic Acid
Researchers on early studies claimed to show this association, but there was a major flaw in the research: Women in those studies took multivitamins - not just folic acid. More recent research - including the 2002 Swedish study - strongly suggests that folic acid supplementation does not increase the risk of miscarriage. A large study of almost 24,000 Chinese women published in 2001 also found no link between supplementation and miscarriage risk. Bottom line: Folic acid supplementation does not appear to increase the risk of miscarriages.
How to Get Enough Folic Acid and Folate
Regardless of whether folic acid helps prevent miscarriages, you need to get enough of it to prevent birth defects. Folic acid supplements, multivitamins, and prenatal vitamins usually contain the recommended minimum amount of folic acid (at least 400 micrograms). Good food sources include fortified breakfast cereals, leafy green vegetables, nuts, beans, peas, dairy, fruits and fruit juices, poultry, meat, eggs, seafood, and grains. A few foods that are particularly rich in folate are spinach, liver, yeast, asparagus and Brussels sprouts.
